Introduction to Ambien (Zolpidem): A Detailed Guide 2024

Introduction to Ambien (zolpidem): Ambien, or zolpidem, is prescribed to treat insomnia in adults (problems falling asleep) for a short duration. It facilitates quicker sleep onset and supports uninterrupted sleep throughout the night. Typically, it is used for a brief period.

In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of Ambien. Whether you are new to the Ambien platform or seeking more information about it, we will offer a brief explanation.

Introduction to Ambien (Zolpidem) 

Ambien is the brand name for Zolpidem, a medication designed to alleviate insomnia. Zolpidem functions by expediting the onset of sleep and prolonging the duration of sleep throughout the night. It is recommended for short-term use.

Basically, Ambien is Commonly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep-related conditions, Ambien belongs to the sedative-hypnotic group of drugs. Its mechanism involves reducing brain activity to facilitate sleep.

In simpler terms, Ambien acts as a magic elixir, transporting you to a world where sleep is just a few hours away. Primarily used to address insomnia, a widespread issue, Ambien helps you envision a night of restful sleep.

To gain a comprehensive understanding of Introduction to Ambien, delve into the details of generic Ambien, including its types, dosage, uses, benefits, side effects, etc. Let’s dive in:

What is Generic Ambien (Zolpidem)?

Generic Ambien, or Zolpidem, is a widely prescribed medication for combating insomnia and sleep difficulties. Operating by influencing the GABA receptors in the brain, Zolpidem induces a sense of drowsiness, facilitating the onset and duration of sleep. The medication’s effectiveness lies in its unique ability to stimulate the brain, addressing the root causes of sleeplessness.

Caution is advised in its usage, with a recommended short-term approach. Prolonged use may increase the risk of dependence on the medication. By interacting with the GABA receptor, Zolpidem essentially regulates the brain’s activity, creating an environment conducive to restful sleep.

Understanding its impact on neural pathways is crucial for those seeking relief from sleep disorders. Generic Ambien, with its targeted mechanism, stands as a valuable tool for promoting healthy sleep patterns when used judiciously and under professional guidance.

Types of Generic Ambien:

There are different types of Ambien, which is a brand name for the medication Zolpidem. The main types of Ambien include:

  1. Ambien (Zolpidem tartrate)
  2. Ambien CR (Zolpidem extended-release)
  3. Generic Zolpidem

Let’s understand these types of Ambien in detail:

Type of Ambien Description
Ambien (Zolpidem tartrate) The standard immediate-release tablet is used for treating insomnia, helping individuals fall asleep faster.
Ambien CR (Zolpidem extended-release) This is an extended-release version of Ambien, designed to help individuals both fall asleep and stay asleep throughout the night.
Generic Zolpidem Various pharmaceutical companies produce generic versions of Zolpidem, which contain the same active ingredient as Ambien. These are often more affordable alternatives to the brand-name medication.

How does Ambien work?

Ambien operates by enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that induces drowsiness in the brain. The elevation of GABA levels contributes to the alleviation of insomnia symptoms.

The immediate-release variant of Ambien facilitates a prompt transition into sleep, aiding those who struggle with sleep onset.

Ambien CR, the extended-release version, comprises two layers. The first layer dissolves rapidly, providing initial support for sleep initiation. Subsequently, the second layer dissolves gradually, ensuring a sustained release of the medication to help maintain a continuous and restful sleep throughout the night.

Basically, Ambien’s modulation of GABA activity, combined with its dual-layer formulation in the extended-release version, addresses both sleep onset and maintenance, offering a comprehensive approach to managing insomnia.

Dosage of Ambien

There are two types of Zolpidem(Ambien) tablets:

The recommended dose is 10mg once a day, but sometimes your doctor might give you a lower dose, like 5mg once a day. This is especially true if you’re 65 or over, a woman, prone to falls, or if you have liver issues. 

Zolpidem is also available as an ER (extended-release) tablet of 6.25 mg and a 12.5 mg tablet, and the lower dose is suggested for the same people as before.

Benefits of Ambien

Here are some common benefits of Ambien meds:

  1. Effective Treatment for Insomnia:
    • Ambien is widely prescribed for its efficacy in treating insomnia, helping individuals fall asleep faster.
  2. Improved Sleep Quality:
    • The medication not only facilitates quicker sleep onset but also enhances the overall quality and duration of sleep.
  3. Enhanced Daytime Functioning:
    • Adequate and restful sleep promoted by Ambien contributes to improved cognitive function and daytime alertness.
  4. Oral Spray Option for Swallowing Issues:
    • The availability of an oral spray offers a convenient alternative for individuals who have difficulty swallowing pills.
  5. Cost-Effective Generic Option:
    • As a generic medication, Ambien provides a cost-effective solution for those seeking effective sleep aid.
  6. Accelerated Onset of Action:
    • Ambien’s quick onset of action allows users to experience faster relief from sleeplessness, promoting a more timely transition into sleep.

Common Side Effects of Ambien:

These are the Some Common Side Effects of Ambien are: 

  • Headaches
  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
  • Allergy
  • Back pains
  • Diarrhea
  • Trouble breathing
  • Muscles Weakness
  • Nausea
  • Insomnia
  • Memory loss

What are the risks of taking Ambien?

Ambien can have serious side effects in some people. What are some factors of risk for taking Ambien

  • Complex sleep behavior

If you take Ambien for the first time or any time after that, you may experience complex sleep behaviors. Some common examples of complex sleep behaviors include: Sleep-walking Sleep-driving Other activities while you are not fully awake

  • Severe allergic reaction:

If you’ve taken your first or second dose of Ambien, you could be in danger of having a serious allergic reaction. Anaphylactic reactions can cause swelling in your throat, tongue, and face, so it’s important to get medical help right away.

  • Worsening depression:

Ambien has been associated with an increased risk of exacerbating depression in individuals with a prior history of depression, as well as an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, ideation, and actions. Additionally, intentional overdose is more likely to occur in individuals with pre-existing depression.

FAQs about Introduction to Ambien

Q: How long does it take for Ambien to kick in?

The effects of Ambien don’t take long to kick in. You should start to feel sleepy about half an hour after taking it.

Q: Can I take Ambien if I’m pregnant?

Pregnant women should only take Ambien if the benefits outweigh the risks. If you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant, let your doctor know.

Q: Can I take Ambien every night?

It is possible to take Ambien on a regular basis in response to difficulty falling asleep, as advised by a healthcare provider. However, it is important to note that Ambien should only be taken for a short period of time, and should not be taken for a longer period of time than advised by the healthcare provider.

Conclusion

Ambien is a type of drug that doesn’t contain any benzodiazepines, it is mainly used to treat insomnia, and it’s been approved by the FDA as a short-term treatment for people who have trouble getting to sleep.

If your suffering from insomnia gets worse or doesn’t get better within 7-10 days, go for the professional health care they will guidance. It could be that you have something else going on that’s causing your sleep issues. They will guide you and give the right treatment for you.

I hope this guide provides an in-depth overview of The Introduction of Ambien“. So, if you have any queries regarding the above information you can send a message by leaving a comment.

Introduction to Tramadol: Complete Guide about Tramadol

Introduction to Tramadol: Tramadol is a strong pain medicine. It’s used for serious pain, like after surgery or a big injury. Sometimes, if weaker pain pills don’t help, your doctor might give you tramadol. This medication is also approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for pain management. It is also known as Ultram (Brand Name).

In this article, we will provide you with all the information, about this medicine in a straightforward manner. You can read this article if you’re new to this topic or if you’re interested in learning more about it.

Introduction to Tramadol

Tramadol is a powerful painkiller that’s used to treat mild to moderate pain that isn’t being treated with other painkillers. It’s a synthetic opioid that works in your brain and spinal cord to help reduce the pain you’re feeling.

Tramadol is available in two different strengths:

  • Extended-release (XR)
  • Immediate-release (IR) 

Basically, People who need to take extended-release tramadol tablets and capsules should only do so if they are expected to take medication to manage chronic pain.

In simple terms, Tramadol is one of a group of powerful painkillers called opiates or narcotics, and it’s used to help with moderate to intense pain, like after surgery or when you’ve been hurt really bad. If you’ve been in pain for a while, your doctor might also give it to you if you’re not getting enough relief from other painkillers.

Both oral versions of tramadol are available as generic medicines. Both immediate-release tablets are also available under the brand name Ultram. Generic medicines tend to be cheaper than the branded ones. In some instances, generic medicines may not come in all strengths or formulations as the branded ones do.

The use of tramadol is subject to medical supervision due to its classification as a controlled substance, meaning that it must be administered under the supervision of a medical professional. This is due to the medical nature of the drug, its potential for abuse, and its potential for addiction in the event of misuse.

To understand the introduction to Tramadol, let’s explore how it works, its benefits, and the side effects of its use.

How does Tramadol Work?

Tramadol, like other opioids, operates by interacting with opioid receptors scattered throughout the body, including in the brain, spine, and stomach. By attaching to these receptors, it blocks pain signals, reducing the intensity of pain sensations, particularly after an injury or in moments of discomfort when taken.

Additionally, Tramadol has a unique mechanism compared to other opioids: it regulates the activity of two neurotransmitters in the human body, serotonin, and noradrenaline.

Dosage of Tramadol

Tramadol is available in various doses, with the most common ones being 50 mg of tramadol, 100 mg, 200 mg, and Ultram 200mg.

  • The specific dosage your doctor prescribes will depend on factors like the intensity of your pain and your medical history.
  • It’s crucial to adhere to the exact tramadol dosage, typically in milligrams, as directed by your healthcare provider.
  • Do not modify the dosage (in mg) on your own; always consult your doctor for any changes.
  • Taking tramadol in a dosage that differs from the prescribed milligrams can be unsafe and may not effectively manage your pain.

Tramadol Uses

The primary purpose of tramadol is to provide relief from moderate to severe pain in individuals aged 12 years and above. 

  • It is often prescribed for post-surgical pain, injuries, and conditions causing chronic pain.
  • Tramadol is sometimes employed as part of pain management for long-term medical conditions.
  • Additionally, it may be used to manage pain that is not effectively controlled by milder pain relievers.
  • Tramadol works by interacting with opioid receptors in the body to reduce pain signals, providing relief to individuals experiencing various forms of pain.

However, it is not usually the first choice of treatment for narcotic pain. It is usually recommended to take the least effective dose for the least amount of time.

 

Benefits of Tramadol

Here are some common benefits of Tramadol:

  • Effective Pain Relief: Tramadol provides relief from moderate to severe pain.
  • Versatility: It can manage various types of pain, enhancing overall well-being.
  • Opioid Interaction: Tramadol alters pain perception by interacting with opioid receptors.
  • Alternative to Stronger Opioids: It is a less potent opioid with potentially fewer side effects.
  • Extended-Release Options: Some formulations offer longer-lasting pain relief.
  • Widely Available: Tramadol is accessible and widely prescribed.
  • Combinable with Other Medications: It can be used in combination for complex pain issues.

Common Side Effects of Tramadol:

Below is a list of some common side effects that have been reported in studies with people taking Tramadol:

  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Tiredness
  • Nervousness or anxiety
  • Low energy levels
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Itching
  • Weakness
  • Sweating

Other tramadol side effects include constipation, Indigestion, diarrhea, etc.

What are the risks and warnings for Tramadol?

There are several potential side effects associated with tramadol. Some of these side effects may be more common in specific populations.

If you are concerned about the possible side effects of Tramadol, consult your physician or pharmacist.

Some factors tell about risks and warnings for tramadol:

1. Potential for addiction and misuse:

If you’re taking tramadol, it’s important to remember that it’s a controlled drug and there’s a risk of addiction and, misuse.

  • Make sure you take it exactly as prescribed and don’t change your dose or how often it’s taken without talking to your doctor first.
  • Taking it too much or the wrong way could make it less effective.

2. Dangerously Slow Breathing (Respiratory Depression):

The inhalation of tramadol can lead to a life-threatening respiratory condition, which can occur to any individual.

  • However, certain genetic predispositions or medical conditions (such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Asthma, Head Injury, High Blood Pressure in the Brain) may increase the risk.
  • Additionally, certain medications (e.g. benzodiazepine, other opioid drugs, and sleep medications) may also increase the risk.

3. Overdose:

Make sure you take your tramadol exactly how it’s prescribed. If you take it too much or too often, it can cause an overdose.

  • Signs that you’ve overdosed include not being able to hear or touch, breathing very slowly, feeling really sleepy, having a slow heart rate, and having your skin feel cold or clammy.

4. Harm to Newborn babies:

If you take tramadol for too long while pregnant, it could lead to your baby becoming addicted to it. That’s because the medication can get into your baby through your placenta.

5. Drug Interaction:

Tramadol has the potential to interact with a variety of common medications. Certain medications, such as Erythromycin, Ketoconazole, and Ritonavir (Norvir), can increase the levels of tramadol in the body, potentially increasing the risk of tramadol-related adverse reactions and potentially life-threatening respiratory depression.

Introduction to Tramadol FAQs

Here are some common FAQs about Tramadol:

Q: Is one tramadol a day addictive?

The use of tramadol has the potential to become addictive at any dosage level. It is possible to become dependent on this medication if the dosage is too high, the dosage is too low, or the dosage is taken in a manner other than prescribed by the physician

Q: How long does it take for tramadol to kick in?

The effects of tramadol are felt within 30-60 minutes of taking it. However, it may take several days for the full effects to be felt. If you are experiencing side effects, consult your doctor.

Q: Does tramadol help you sleep?

Tramadol can make you sleepy, but it’s not a cure for insomnia. Talk to your doctor if you’re having trouble sleeping or staying asleep. 

Conclusion:

This comprehensive guide on Introduction to Tramadol has shed light on the uses, benefits, and dosage of this medication. Tramadol’s effectiveness in providing pain relief, its versatility in addressing different types of pain, and its interaction with opioid receptors make it a valuable tool in managing moderate to severe pain. With extended-release options, widespread availability, and the potential for combination with other medications, tramadol offers a range of solutions for pain management.

However, it is crucial to use tramadol responsibly and under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure its safe and effective utilization. This guide has aimed to provide essential insights into tramadol’s role in pain management.

Introduction to Xanax (Alprazolam) – A to Z about Xanax

Introduction to Xanax (Alprazolam): Xanax, or Alprazolam, is a medicine that many people use to help with anxiety and panic problems. It’s pretty well-known for making folks feel better when they’re really worried.

In this article, we’re going to take you through everything you need to know about Xanax, in simple words. Whether you’re new to Xanax or just want to learn more about it, we’ve got you covered!

Introduction to Xanax (Alprazolam)

Xanax is a medication that contains benzodiazepines and is primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder. It is also sometimes prescribed to manage panic symptoms, even in cases of agoraphobia. Xanax is available as a generic medicine.

Xanax comes in two main formulations:

Immediate-release tablets are absorbed rapidly after ingestion, providing quick relief, while extended-release versions are absorbed more gradually.

Note: Xanax is not an antihistamine. Rather, it belongs to the class of drugs known as benzodiazepines. This class of medication is commonly used to manage anxiety and panic-related conditions.

A healthcare professional should guide the use of Xanax, and a qualified medical practitioner should determine the dosage and treatment plan.

What is generic Xanax (Alprazolam)?

Xanax, also known as alprazolam, is a generic medication that contains the active substance alprazolam. A generic medicine shares the same active ingredient as a branded medication.

Alprazolam is available as a generic medication in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, and oral liquid concentrate.

Generics are equivalent to the original drug in terms of safety and effectiveness. They are typically more cost-effective than branded drugs.

If you want to find out if the generic version of Xanax is available for you, consult with your doctor. Your doctor can inform you about the availability of generic forms and strengths of Xanax that can be prescribed for you.

Dosage of Xanax

  • Xanax dosage varies based on individual needs, starting with 0.25 mg of Xanax to 0.5 mg for anxiety.
  • Dosage is adjusted by a doctor as necessary, typically in the short term.
  • For panic disorder, initial doses may be lower, gradually increasing if needed.
  • Children’s dosage is lower and determined by healthcare professionals.
  • Taper off Xanax under medical guidance to avoid withdrawal effects.

Uses for Xanax

Xanax is mainly used to help with panic attacks, but it can also be used to treat anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders can be described as:

  • Restlessness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Trembling
  • Worry and apprehension
  • Aches
  • Heart palpitations
  • Flushing
  • Sweating
  • Lightheadedness
  • Clammy hands
  • Smothering sensation
  • Insomnia
  • Difficult concentrating
  • Exaggerated startle response

People can also use Xanax to manage anxiety triggered by panic attacks, which can occur suddenly or in specific situations, such as driving or flying, where a higher dose may be necessary.

Benefits of Xanax (Alprazolam)

Here are some common benefits of Xanax (Alprazolam) 

  1. Anxiety Relief: Effective for reducing anxiety and panic symptoms.
  2. Quick Onset: Provides rapid relief during acute episodes.
  3. Sedative Effect: Helps with anxiety-related sleep difficulties.
  4. Muscle Relaxation: Alleviates tension and muscle stiffness.
  5. Versatile: Treats various anxiety-related conditions.
  6. Short-Term Use: Typically prescribed for short durations.
  7. Improved Quality of Life: Enhances daily functioning when used as directed.

Common Side Effects of Xanax (Alprazolam) 

The following list comprises some of the most common side effects reported in studies of people taking Xanax. include:

  • Drowsiness
  • Feeling lightheaded
  • Dry mouth
  • Low blood pressure
  • Increased saliva Production 

The most common side effects of people taking Xanax for panic disorder include:

  • Drowsiness
  • Fatigue(low energy)
  • Changes in appetite
  • Irritability
  • Trouble with balance and coordination

These are the most frequent side effects of Xanax, but they may not affect you. Continue reading to find out about other mild and serious side effects.

What are the Serious side effects of Xanax?

There are serious side effects associated with the use of Xanax. These side effects may differ depending on the underlying patient’s condition

Xanax has shown associations with serious adverse reactions, including but not limited to:

  • Seizures
  • Hallucinations
  • Liver problems
  • Risk of severe harm or death if taken with opioids
  • Risk of withdrawal and dependence
  • Risk of misuse and addiction
  • Severe allergic reaction

Symptoms of Xanax Overdose

The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has issued a boxed warning regarding the potential risk of overdose with the medication Xanax. This warning represents the most severe of the warnings issued by the FDA.

Potential side effects associated with excessive use of Xanax include:

  • Drowsiness
  • Trouble with balance and coordination
  • Coma
  • Weakened reflexes
  • death

Xanax Overdoses can happen on their own, but they’re more likely to happen when people take it with alcohol. They can also happen when you mix it with other drugs and illegal stuff.

FAQs about Introduction to Xanax (Alprazolam)

Q: How does Xanax make you feel?

A: Xanax is an anti-anxiety and anti-panic medication that may improve feelings of relaxation and calm.

Q: Is Xanax an antidepressant?

A:  The FDA hasn’t approved Xanax for treating insomnia, as it is not a sleeping pill. However, it does cause drowsiness, so it may work for some people with insomnia. How much does one milligram of Xanax

Q: How does Xanax make you feel?

A:  When taken as prescribed, Xanax, also known as alprazolam, has shown the ability to improve the symptoms of anxiety disorders and panic attacks.

Conclusion

Many people widely use Xanax to manage anxiety and panic disorders, and it offers quick relief and improves their quality of life when used as prescribed. It’s important to approach Xanax with the guidance of a healthcare professional and be aware of its potential for short-term use. This versatile drug can be a valuable tool in addressing anxiety-related challenges when used responsibly.

This article provided an informative introduction to Xanax (Alprazolam), covering its uses, benefits, and key points.

What is ADHD? What You Need to Know

ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects people of all ages. It can impact one’s daily life, from school and work performance to personal relationships.

In this article, we delve deep into the world of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, exploring its definition, symptoms, and treatment options.

What is ADHD?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, commonly known as ADHD, represents a neurodevelopmental disorder that individuals experience as they persistently exhibit patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While healthcare professionals often diagnose ADHD in childhood, it can continue to affect individuals as they progress into adolescence and adulthood.

Let’s take a closer look at the key aspects of this condition.

Subtypes of ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a complex condition that affects the brain’s executive functions, making it challenging for individuals to regulate their attention and impulses. It’s essential to understand the three main subtypes of ADHD:

S.No. Subtype Description
1 Inattentive Presentation Challenges in focus, instructions, and organization. This may lead to careless mistakes, missed appointments, and disarray.
2 Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation Restlessness, impulsivity, and difficulty waiting for a turn. Often hasty decisions, restlessness, and risky behaviors.
3 Combined Presentation The mix of inattention, impulsivity, and restlessness. Impacts focus, organization, and social interactions.

Symptoms of ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms can vary from person to person and may change over time. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

  • Inability to focus on tasks or activities
  • Frequent forgetfulness and distractibility
  • Impulsivity, leading to hasty decisions
  • Restlessness and difficulty staying still
  • Frequent interrupting during conversations
  • Disorganization and difficulty managing time
  • Struggles to complete tasks and follow instructions

Diagnosing ADHD

Diagnosing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder involves a comprehensive assessment that may include interviews, observations, and evaluations of the individual’s medical and psychological history. It’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Managing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder requires a multifaceted approach tailored to individual needs. Here are some common treatment options:

1. Behavioral Therapy

Behavioral therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help individuals develop coping strategies and improve self-control.

2. Medication

In some cases, Adderall can be prescribed to manage Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms. Common medications include stimulants and non-stimulants.

Medication (e.g., Adderall) In some cases, medication like Adderall can be prescribed to manage ADHD symptoms. Other common medications include stimulants and non-stimulants.
What is Adderall?

Adderall is a prescription medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and narcolepsy. It contains amphetamine and dextroamphetamine.

Basically, Adderall Dosage varies by individual and is determined by a healthcare professional, typically ranging from 5 mg to 30 mg.

In our current stock, the available dosages of Adderall are:

3. Education and Support

Educational support and accommodations in schools and workplaces can be essential for individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

4. Lifestyle Changes

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep can also help manage Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms.

FAQs

Here are some common FAQs about ADHD:

Q: Is ADHD only a childhood disorder?

A: While ADHD is often diagnosed in childhood, it can persist into adulthood, affecting individuals throughout their lives.

Q: What causes ADHD?

A: Although the exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, genetics, brain structure, and environmental factors may play a role in causing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Q: Can adults have ADHD too?

A: Indeed, ADHD can affect adults as well. It may present differently than in children, often leading to difficulties in work and relationships.

Q: Are there any natural remedies for ADHD?

A: While some people find relief through alternative therapies, such as mindfulness or dietary changes, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for guidance.

Q: Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder overdiagnosed?

A: Although the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a complex process, it’s crucial for healthcare professionals to thoroughly evaluate individuals before making a diagnosis.

Q: Can ADHD be outgrown?

A: Although symptoms may change over time, many individuals continue to experience Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms into adulthood.

Conclusion

Understanding “What is ADHD?” is the first step in managing this condition effectively. With the right diagnosis, support, and treatment, individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder can lead fulfilling lives. Moreover, Remember that seeking professional help and building a support network are crucial for those dealing with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.